Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide:
- Monosaccharides are the monomers which make up carbohydrates
- Most Simple sugar
- They have the same number of carbon + oxygen
e.g. Glucose is C6H12O6
- They have the general formula of (CH2O)n
- White Crystalline solids
- Soluble
- The 3 monosaccharides are Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
- Glyosidic bonds between each monomer formed under a condensation reaction
Monosaccharide to Disaccharide
Monosaccharide |
Disaccharide |
Glucose + Glucose |
Maltose |
Glucose + Fructose |
Sucrose |
Glucose + Galactose |
Lactose |
Starch
- An Alpha-helix structure
- Insoluble and is compact
- No impact of water potential (osmotically inactive)
- It is the main plant storage of sugar
- Made of
Cellulose
- Polymer of β-glucose
- Each monomer is inverted to the previous monomer
- Different chains are held with hydrogen bonds
- These chains run parallel with hydrogen bonds between the chains to form microfibrils.
- Cellulose is what makes up the structure of a plant cell
Glycogen
- Similar to amylopectin
- α-glucose polymer with 1,4 bonds with some 1,6 branches
- Highly branched structure
- Can be broken down quickly to glucose when needed
- Reflects the high metabolic rate demand for energy in animals
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